Guidelines For Critiquing The Ethical Aspects Of A Study

Michaela P. Capulong NU310 Unit4_Assignment_Worksheet Guidelines for Critiquing the Ethical Aspects of a Study August 24, 2015 1. Was the study approved and monitored by an Institutional Review Board, Research Ethics Board, or other similar ethics review committee? (20 points) The study about the Influences on Preschool Children’s Physical activity was approved by the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee. Deakin are renowned for its research and teaching. They ensure the participants are protected by from physical and psychological harm during the study. The study was not monitored but approved by the Institutional Review Board. 2. Were participants subjected to any physical harm, discomfort, or psychological distress? Did the researchers take appropriate steps to remove, prevent, or minimize harm?(20 points) The participants were not subjected to any physical harm and psychological distress. The researchers should discuss and inform the participants for possible foreseeable risk of the study such as discomfort or psychological distress. They addressed the range of aspects in doing qualitative research at the beginning of the research. The study was also guided by Social Economical model to show the appropriateness in understanding the influences on young children’s behaviors. Yes, the researchers took appropriate steps to protect the participants from psychological distress and discomfort. Additionally, the purpose of the study is to explore theShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of Hospitals Strategies Associated With 30 Day Readmission Rate For Heart Failure Patients1610 Words   |  7 Pageshospitalizations are the causative reason for increased health care spending, deterioration of the quality of health of patients, lengthened stay in hospitals and lack of trust as far as the delivery of health care services is concerned. Even though prior studies have indicated that a substantial proportion of the readmissions can be prevented through the utilization of efficient discharge planning and make patient follow-up after the initial visit to the hospital, heart failure present a special case in whichRead MoreThe Current Model Of Postnatal Care Provision1605 Words   |  7 PagesMaternity Review (2016) acknowledged these findings and proposed how an adequate level of service provision can be achieved, as getting the postnatal period right is crucial to future maternal and child well-being. Furthermore, three of the four studies critiqued within this theme exploring how the current model of postnatal care that midwives provide to women and their families influences the quality of the perineal care that is provided, were all in agreement in their conclusions, suggesting thatRead MoreEssay about Critical: Qualitative Research1751 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illn ess: in need of support to become resource persons in treatment and recovery.(Appendix 1). Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing. 17, 304-311. The above article will be critiqued using Caldwell, Henshaw and Taylor’s (2005) critiquing framework as a guide (Appendix 1). The intent is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the research article and demonstrate knowledge and understanding of research methodology. The title of the above article reflects its contents and isRead MoreDeveloping a framework for critiquing health research5723 Words   |  23 Pages(FE), Senior Lecturer in Health Studies, School of Health and Social Sciences, Middlesex University Abstract A new framework for critiquing health-related research is presented in this article. More commonly used existing frameworks tend to have been formulated within the quantitative research paradigm. While frameworks for critiquing qualitative research exist, they are often complex and more suited to the needs of students engaged in advanced levels of study. The framework presented inRead Moreresearch paper - critique2704 Words   |  11 Pagesqualitative research article titled: Perceived support from healthcare practitioners among adults with type 2 diabetes (Oftedal et al, 2010) (appendix 1). To enable the critique of this article the Caldwell critiquing tool (2005) will be utilized. (Appendix 2) Research critiquing is a valuable skill, to gain as it enables student nurses to develop and improve knowledge and skills and also adheres to the NMC code of conduct (NMC, 2008). Polit and Beck (2006) emphasis the ability to analyseRead MoreCritique Of A Research Study2122 Words   |  9 Pages Critique of a Research Study Stacy Shaffer PSY326 Instructor Nowlin April 27, 2015 Critique of a Research Study I. Introduction The purpose of this article is to critique the article â€Å"Factors Involved in Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study of Thai Mental Health Nurses†, (Kaewprom, Curtis Deane, 2011). Through qualitative research, the authors of this article aimed to answer the question of what factors are present in the recovery from schizophrenia. In recent years, ThailandRead MoreCritical Evidence For Professional Practice1755 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent kinds of knowledge is produced therefore is useful in nursing practice. I am going to be writing this assignment to see if this is correct and to also see if I can apply the information in my practice as a student nurse. Specific Guideline 1: Critiquing of a range of evidence. The newspaper The newspaper article â€Å"Damning report finds many NHS staff lack the ability and compassion to do their job† (Daily Mail, 10th January, 2012) was published by Leon Watson. According to News Trust (2014)Read MoreCritical Analysis Of Evidence Based Practice3419 Words   |  14 Pagesfrom  £43 up to  £374 (NICE, 2014). Evidence based practice skills are essential in nursing as it allows the best available evidence to be used to improve practice and patient care, while improving decision-making (Holland and Rees, 2010). I will be critiquing two research papers; qualitative and quantitative, using a framework set out by Holland and Rees (2010), and will explore the impact on practice. Using a framework provides a standardised method of assessing quality and reduces subjectivity. WhatRead MoreResearch Critique in Midwifery3446 Words   |  14 Pagesthe validity of the study and to apply theories to practise. This essay intends to critique and analyse the research paper, in order to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the research undertaken. Certain questions are required to ensure that the evaluation is assessing the essential components of the research (Hollowayamp; Wheeler, 2002). Therefore Holloway and Wheeler’s (2002) critique framework for qualitative research will be used to critique and evaluate the study. This essay also intendsRead MoreThe Importance of Ethical Leaders Essay3354 Words   |  14 Pagesnot only competent but also ethical in their everyday conduct, (Toor Ofori, 2009). But, how can leader’s ethical behavior be distinguished? \ What are these ethical behaviors that affect the followers? And, how do we know when a leader is an ethical leader? Clearly, ethical leadership is a critical organizational matter, which needs a robust definition, and a model that shows how it effects the organization and its elements. One of the significant aspects of ethical leadership is its emphasis

Project Activity Report for the Thesis Paper Example

Essays on Project Activity Report for the Thesis Paper Thesis Capstone’s Project Activity Report for the thesis Paper Project Activity Report The intervention of an activity report is indeedto ascertain the progress of the project. The research is as a result of a thorough analysis on the population sample and the specifics of the study. It is necessary to have a clear detail of what transpired and the due dates of the occurrences. This is necessary enough to be able to track the overall performance of the project and be able to monitor the validity of the conclusions made in the report. It is essential to monitor the various activity reports of any research proposal (David 2001). Chances are likely that a research that if carried out in one day, may not be conclusive enough. It may also not be as detailed to facilitate the effective analysis of the conclusions. It is therefore necessary for a research to undergo a thorough time plan to be able to measure to the test of accuracy. The logistics involved, time and resources involved in carrying out the project are to be measured in the various analytical steps of the research. This is necessary enough to be able to know whether the research could be ranked as viable or not. Capstone Report Activity Report The research carried out was on the significance of Business plans. This was the title on the research. Various activities transpired in the analysis and findings of the various issued that touched and revolved around the topic. Business plans are the tools in which various organizations use to source for finance in the established and none established lending institutions. The Business plans are said to source for credit in the Micro financial institutions, the various banks, SACCO’s and other credit lending agencies. The past system necessitated, that for a business to source for credit, for it to be able to access funds to carry out any financial transaction, it was a pre-requisite for it to have tangible assets in the form of fixed assets to act as collateral for sourcing for funds. Long gone are those days where business had equally to establish to be able to source credit. Currently the financial system’s dynamics has necessitated the need to revise this old concept. A business might indeed have these collateral but other businesses exists an idea that once established will be able to generate substantial revenues inform of income. The main delimitation for this case may be the availability of start up and maintaining capital. Business plans is therefore given emphasize in this issue. They are useful in this case as the non-existent idea can create encouragement and convince the financial lending institution to believe in the idea from the aspect of the business plan (Creswell, 2009). Business plans also serve as a bench mark for control. Control is a function of the management. This function enables management measure the actual performance against the set standards. Through the business plan, can monitor and regulate the various transactions carried out in the business and be able to compare against the set standards in the business plan. This is effective for strategic managers to be able to make well decisive decision. Capstone Activity Report (According to Appendix C) The following activities transpired during the field study. The need for intervention of the research is to determine the importance and significance of the Business plan. These were the various activities carried out during the study: Activity 1 The first activity was to perform a literature review. This was necessary enough as it enabled the collection of information from the various journals, magazines and books. The collected information was the sorted out basing on an already pre-determined set of criteria. From there salient facts and figures were concluded and finally the project supervisor consulted for details (Creswell, 2009). Activity 2 The next activity was the evaluation of the Questionnaires. In this section the various questionnaires for entrepreneurs and VC’s was developed the various population samples that included the VC’s and Entrepreneurs was approached for analysis. The appointment dates for the various surveys and interviews established. The survey was then conducted, from which various responses were collected and analyzed. The information collected was the deduced into useful inferences. The project supervisor was the n consulted for feedback. Activity 3 The next step was to complete the project report. In this category the various activities that transpired were the addition of information from the literature analysis. It was followed by a through description of the various primary outcomes from the survey carried out. Among the things included at this level was the application of the statistical analysis on the various numerical information. It was then followed by a compilation of the various appropriate results and finally a discussion of the conclusion and results were carried out. The project supervisor was conducted for feed back (Nicholas, 2011). Activity 4 The Final activity included the evaluation of the study report. This in light was checked for various errors that might have transpired in the analysis and conclusion laid out in the report. An improvement on the various contents and designs was done and finally the report was published and handed in for submission. Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research methods Quantitative research is a field study that depends on the tools of interviews, observation and questionnaires. It is all about obtaining first hand data. It is much centered on the various statistical and numerical data. An Example of these is the National Census that ascertains the number of people within a country (Foley 2004). Qualitative research on the other hand is dependent upon the interviews and case studies and deals minute issues and smaller numbers inform of information. The researchers tend to look at the various behaviors of humans and the actions that govern their behavior. An example of these is a field study on how many ladies within school love mathematics and the various reasons. References David, Fred R. 2001. Strategic management: concepts cases. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pentice Hall. Creswell, J. W., Creswell, J,. 2009. Research design: A qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. Nicholas, R,. 2011. A qualitative investigation of the creation and use of social capital among street children in Bucharest, Romania. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University. Foley, F,. 2004. The global entrepreneur: taking your business international. 2nd ed. United States: Jamric Press International.

The Relation Between Leadership Traits Motives and Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Relation Between Leadership Traits Motives and Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction: Leadership is considered as one of the key strength of every business organization (Northouse, 2015). Efficient leadership paves the path of organizational success. There are many leaders in world that have set an example for others by their effective leadership quality. The market competitiveness has been increased since past few years, which leads many business leaders to incorporate many efficient strategies within the organizational structure to earn the desired target. Effective leadership consists of several traits and qualities that play crucial role in the effectiveness of the leaders. Leadership traits and effectiveness are interrelated. The success of the company is highly relied on these two factors (Dinh et al., 2014). The following article has concentrated on the relation between the leadership traits and its effectiveness. It has discussed about various theory and examples to provide a transparent and broader picture of effective leadership quality. Analysis: Traits There are many theories that have enlightened various aspects of effective leadership, such as- Great-man Theory, Behavioural Theory, Contingency Theory, transactional theory, Transformational Theory and Trait Theory (Chemers, 2014). These theories have discussed about different aspects of leadership quality. According to the trait theorists, leadership is mainly based on some key traits that distinguish leaders from other team members. A person must possess these skills to become an effective leader. There are two types of traits, one type of traits that can be learned by a person and one type of traits that are inherent (Day et al., 2014). Many researches claim that there are some key traits that must be possessed by the leaders to guide any organization on the right path, such as- Emotional Stability: An effective leader must be emotionally stable, so he can support his teammate to take efficient and decisions to stimulate the organizational performance. Many researches claim that leaders must be psychologically matured enough. During leadership, a leader may have to take many effective and strong decisions. It is important to be matured enough to take these decisions (Landis, Hill Harvey, 2014). Dominance: Leaders must have good control over their own team. It is also evident that many leaders dominant their teammates, which is not suitable to maintain healthy relation within the team. However, leaders need to maintain control over the teammates to lead them to the right path (Ghasabeh, Soosay Reaiche, 2015). Enthusiasm: Leaders must be active to play their role and responsibilities towards the organization, so they can motivate their subordinates. The key role of a leader is to motivate their teammates to perform their duty in an appropriate manner. In order to perform this role, leaders must be active and expressive. He must be energetic to influence his teammates. Otherwise, subordinates will not be able to participate in the organizational function (Ghasabeh, Soosay Reaiche, 2015). Bold: Leaders must be willing to take new risks. It is the responsibility of the leader to support his team in any situation. He must be able to face various challenges and risks while supporting or motivating his team. It is one of the key features of the effective leaders. He must confident to lead his team. Otherwise, he will not be able to perform his role effectively (Marion Gonzales, 2013). Charisma: Effective leaders must have charismatic personality, so he can influence other teammates. The personality of the leaders plays major role to influence teammates. It is often evident that subordinates are majorly affected by the working style and leadership quality of the leaders. The influential character of the leader may have a great impact on the employees and it may influence them to shape their behaviour accordingly to achieve the organizational target (Ghasabeh, Soosay Reaiche, 2015). Learning: Good leaders always encourage their subordinates to learn. They know the value of learning. They appreciate their employees for adopting new and efficient techniques. Great leaders often share their experience and learning s with their teammates to let them learn from those experiences. It puts significant impact on the behaviour and performance of the employees. Hence, one must allow his subordinates to learn (Marion Gonzales, 2013). Team Orientation: It is primary responsibility of a team leader to provide a clear idea to the team members about their role and responsibility towards the organization. Thus, leaders must have the potential to communicate with their subordinates. He must maintain regular communication with the employees to know about the challenges they are facing in the organization and resolve their issues. In order to motivate employees, it is important for every leader to often meet with the teammates. By such practices, leaders can share their own experience, vision and mission with the employees. It is highly beneficial for the leaders to establish a strong bonding with the employees (Sethuraman Suresh, 2014). The Relation between Leadership Traits, Motives and Effectiveness: These previously mentioned traits are highly required for being an effective and efficient leader. These traits put significant impact on the effectiveness and motive of the leadership. As discussed in the previous section, leaders must have a particular kind of personality to influence teammates (Amanchukwu, Stanley Ololube, 2015). It is evident that subordinates are greatly influenced by the behaviour and skills of the leaders. Renowned leaders often used their special traits to interact with the teammates. It helps them to motivate them to work as a team to earn the desired common goal. Leaders can use their traits in both positive and negative manner. It depends on the motive of the leader. The style of the leadership is highly dependent on the circumstances and working environment of the organization. Leaders use various leadership styles in different situations. In order to enhance the team performance motivate team members, efficient leaders often communicate with the team me mbers and influence them by their charismatic personality. It affects employees to participate actively in the organizational function. Traits lead leaders to decide their motives. At the same time, it affects their leadership skills and put remarkable impact on the behaviour of the subordinates. There are many employees in the organization. It is not possible for the leaders to address each of the employees individually. By using effective traits, such as- charismatic personality, interaction skills, self confidence and so on, leaders can motivate all the employees altogether. It is often evident, that employees are often affected by the stories and vision mission shared by the leaders (Antonakis House, 2014). It encourages them to shape their behaviour and adopt organizational strategy to gain the expected target. Examples: Toyota is one of the renowned car companies that have put strong footprint in the car industry by its performance. However, it has faced crisis recently where lawsuits were filed against the organization due to some faults in the car. Jim Lentz, the CEO of the organization has taken a notable initiative to deal with the situation. Instead of letting the PR team tackle the issue, the CEO decided to interact with the consumers via Dig Dialogue. He answered all the queries of the consumers. This works on the favour of the organization. His leadership skill motivates his subordinates to stand together by the side of the organization during this emergency ad perform in an efficient manner to for the betterment of the organization. Thus, it can be stated that the communication skill and leadership traits of the Jim Lentz has affected the behaviour of his team members in a significant manner. By such practices the organization has successfully overcome all the issues as a team (toyota.com, 2017). Another example of effective leadership is given by the CEO of Starbucks. In 1997, the organizational management of Starbucks faced a crisis due to the murder of one of their staffs in robbery. The reputation of the organization was at stake. The CEO of the organization has taken a notable step to resolve the issue. He visited the family of the employee ad provide all the monetary and moral support to them. It helps organization to overcome the crisis soon. This charismatic leadership capability of the CEO plays major role to motivate his employee to stay together and work hard for the organization. It has increased the commitment level of the employees towards the organization. It is also an exemplary example of effective leadership. It can be stated by analysing the example that the understanding skills and matured personality of the leader has influenced him take the right decision on the right time. At the same time, it is highly influential for his teammates as well. It helps th em to understand the importance of tam work as well as how to maintain strong and transparent relation within the organization (starbucks.in, 2017). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be stated that leadership quality plays major role to affect teammates to achieve the organizational objective. There are many exemplary examples of leadership skills that have set an example for others on how to lead an organization towards the right direction. Traits are an integral part of the effectiveness of the leadership and the motive of the leadership. A person that has all the traits of becoming an effective leaders can use his traits to affect his teammates and others. References: Amanchukwu, R. N., Stanley, G. J., Ololube, N. P. (2015). A review of leadership theories, principles and styles and their relevance to educational management.Management,5(1), 6-14. Antonakis, J., House, R. J. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), 746-771. Chemers, M. (2014).An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., McKee, R. A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 63-82. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 36-62. Ghasabeh, M. S., Soosay, C., Reaiche, C. (2015). The emerging role of transformational leadership.The Journal of Developing Areas,49(6), 459-467. Landis, E. A., Hill, D., Harvey, M. R. (2014). A synthesis of leadership theories and styles.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,15(2), 97. Marion, R., Gonzales, L. D. (2013).Leadership in education: Organizational theory for the practitioner. Waveland press. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Sethuraman, K., Suresh, J. (2014). Effective leadership styles.International Business Research,7(9), 165. starbucks.in. (2017).starbucks.in. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.starbucks.in toyota.com. (2017).Toyota.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.toyota.com

Sweaty Feet free essay sample

Sweaty feet rove the dusty alleys, moving my body to the rhythm in the street. Its a symphony for the senses – vibrant fabrics, the distinct aroma of incense rising, fly-covered fruit, hagglers shouts, and a bustling energy that only the market can provide. The muezzin begins his call to prayer, as greetings and blessings pass by my ears. â€Å"Wa-laykum Salaam,† I respond, the language rolling off my tongue, and I know that if I am ever at a loss, I have learned to speak in smiles. If you were to ask me in this moment how I feel, how I am, I would tell you in two simple Wolof words, â€Å"mangi fi.† They mean, â€Å"I am fine,† though directly translate to â€Å"I am here,† but I hardly see a distinction. I am here, alive, nestled in the warm embrace of West Africa. In this moment I carry confidence, adventure, opportunity, independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Sweaty Feet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I can feel the country as I engage with its people, absorb its culture, and immerse myself in the present. Of course I am fine – in fact I might even be a bit better than that. Enveloped in awe of where I currently stand, my eyes gaze down at those feet. In worn New Balance sneakers, I once dragged my heels over the rocky slope of Mount Washington. Each breath I drew seemed more of a pant and each movement I made was accompanied by a strong burning in my calves. As a child, driven academically yet failing to grasp any degree of athleticism, I was not destined to run the lengths of football fields or swing the bat and bring myself home, but the time had arrived when I would succeed physically and push myself through the canopy of pines to bathe in sunlight and touch the clouds. What my mind had pronounced impossible, my body defied, conquering both my doubt and the 6,000 feet to the summit. On that day my feet taught me perseverance and called on me to recognize the strength I possess within. Those are the feet that shuffled through the door, with trousers draped around my ankles, to a stage set for song, dance, and farce. â€Å"Cross right, head down, pause, turn left†; my legs knew the routine, but it was the audience I had to keep on its toes. I felt my belonging there, in the theater where creativity flowed, as surely as I felt the hard wood set beneath me. Under the lights, I was free to release all inhibitions, to let my feet guide me, to pour myself into the thrill of the role and to shine. Each step taught me to believe in myself, inspiring me with self-confidence and comfort in my own skin. My pride swelled along with the applause, until I could no longer contain a smile; I bowed. And those feet were laced up in the thick black boots of an EMT that morning, their soles pounding the pavement as they dashed from the back of the â€Å"rig.† It was a race against time and the patients rapid loss of brain function. He was at his worst; my responsibility was to be at my best. I hastened between the patient and our equipment, each action instinctive, adrenaline moving me. Reality had become a blur and the meticulousness of my training faded, so my feet took over. They carried me through, fortifying my sense of purpose as they taught me compassion and a moral duty to serve others in need. For now, my sweaty feet wander out of the sun and into a small rice shack, where I sip spicy cafe touba and slide my hand into lunch, the oil rolling from my fingertips. Those feet are nearing the end of this journey in Senegal, having trekked across the bush of the Fulani region, stomped the ground in traditional dance circles, and sunk into the golden sand of Sufi darahs. But they will continue to take me through this life. In time, I will stride down long hospital hallways to perform my first neurosurgery; I will tiptoe into my childrens rooms to whisper good night; I will walk a path of teranga, always giving of myself, and of zikr, acknowledging the beauty around me. I currently stand on this precipice in life and am ready to hit the ground running toward the promise of my future, while always marching to the beat of my own drum. Yes, my feet will travel beneath me, and they will leave their imprint on this earth.

Should Floggin Be Brought Back Essays

Should Floggin Be Brought Back Essays Should Floggin Be Brought Back Essay Should Floggin Be Brought Back Essay Essay Topic: Op Ed Carmencita Gonzalez Professor Orzeck, Ph. D. English 102. 051 October 28, 2011 Should Flogging Be brought Back? Jeff Jacoby a columnist for the Boston Globe published an essay â€Å"Bring Back Flogging†, on the op-ed page on February 20, 1997. Jacoby states that flogging people is better than â€Å"Locking them up in cages. † (para. 4) He goes on to say that flogging will teach people moral and educational values, while â€Å"Prison is a graduate school of criminal studies. † (para. ) In the seventeenth century flogging was very famous among the Boston’s Puritans it was a punishment for people that were convicted of blasphemy, adultery, and other thing they felt was immortal and illegal. Jacoby then implement that being incarcerated is much more dangerous than being whipped because the violence in prison is outrageous, for example, rape, beatings, and murders. Nevertheless, Jacoby made some ridiculous statements in his article â€Å"Bring Back Floggingâ⠂¬  is filled of fallacy. First, Jacoby incorrectly states that â€Å"Imprisonment has become our penalty of choice for every offense in the criminal code† (para. 5) for violence and nonviolent crimes, on the other hand, Jacoby really need to take a course in criminal justice before he supplies invalid information. Imprisonment is base on the type the amount and type of crime someone commits.. For example, if a person commits a nonviolent crime like retail theft or protesting illegally then they are charge with a misdemeanor and are order to complete some type of community service or just pay a fine. On the contrary, in the seventeenth century if you were caught stealing they would probably cut your hand off and if you were could protesting they would probably whip you in front of the whole community. Does Jacoby every stop to think about how these people were probably traumatized emotional and physical? Then, Jacoby goes on to say how expensive it is to maintain these prisoners. He also claims that by locking them up we are teach them a lesson, in fact, it only makes them more cruel and savvy than when they first arrive In addition he said that â€Å" There is a certain cachet to doing time a stint in prison becomes a sign of manhood. (para. 8) Jacoby never stop to think about the inmate that learn their lesson and use their time to become educated and never come back. Yes it might cost tax payer a lot of money to keep these criminals locked up, but I rather pay whatever it cost to make sure I feel safe from real criminal that are locked up. Meanwhile back in the seventeenth ce ntury rapist and child molester where whipped and set free back into the community; furthermore, who would feel safe know that these people where just given a slap on the wrist and set free. Moreover, I strongly disagree with him stating that flogging young offender would teach them a lesson. Come on! Does this author realizes that in today society young offender are probably use to being beaten. Young people are beat in different ways and by different people for example, parents, sibling and bullies. There is a meth that young people adapt to beating or whips. Not only that it is proven that when a child or young person is constantly beat or whip they become more violent. Incredibly, what really drove me insane was when Jacoby state there are many prisoners that are at high risk for being beaten, rape, and murdered while incarcerated. I deeply disagree with that statement because he did not support us with accurate information on that topic. Flogging endangers the health of a human being, in addition, if flogging was brought back in today society beating and whipping would no longer intimidate anyone it would be punishment in itself Prison staff would take it upon themselves to illegal beat or whip prisoner. Government would also be involved. This is in human and we cannot allow this. Jeff Jacoby tries to discover the best way to punish law-breakers, but unfortunately, through too many false assumptions and incorrect theories, he fails. He fails to see the real value of imprisonment, the truth behind brutal and inhumane punishment, and the simple reality that violence only breeds further violence. In order to diminish crime and aggression in our society, government cannot use punishment that is in itself an example of brutality, but needs to take humane and reasonable steps in prevention and retribution of crime.

Adverse vs. Averse

Adverse vs. Averse Adverse vs. Averse Adverse vs. Averse By Mark Nichol Adverse and averse share the root verse, which stems from the Latin term vertere, meaning â€Å"to turn.† But their meanings are distinct and, taken literally, antonymic: Adverse, from the Latin word adversus (â€Å"turned toward, facing†), means â€Å"antagonistic†; the original term conjures of image of confrontation. Averse, meanwhile, comes from aversus (â€Å"turned away†) and means â€Å"strongly disinclined† or â€Å"strongly unfavorable to.† Other forms of adverse are adversary, meaning â€Å"opponent,† and adversity, referring to the quality of opposition. Adversary is also an adjective, but, perhaps because of confusion with the noun form of that word, adversarial came to prevail in that usage. Avert, meanwhile, is related to averse and means â€Å"to turn away, to avoid.† (Veer, though it has the same meaning, is unrelated; it’s from a Germanic word meaning â€Å"to slacken.†) A whole family of other words with the verse root exist: Converse means â€Å"the exact opposite† and has the noun and verb form convert, meaning â€Å"someone who turns† and â€Å"to turn,† respectively, and the noun form conversion, referring to the act of converting. Converse also means â€Å"to speak with someone† (to â€Å"turn† speech) and leads to the adjective conversant and the noun conversation. (The latter used to also mean â€Å"living together† or â€Å"having sexual relations.†) Diverse, originally divers, means â€Å"distinct† and is the parent of diversity, divergent, divert, and diversion. Extrovert, which means â€Å"turned outward,† is mirrored by the antonym introvert. (These also serve as noun forms.) Inverse means â€Å"turn about† or â€Å"turn over† and has the verb form invert and the noun form inversion. Obverse, meaning â€Å"turned toward,† is the opposite of reverse, â€Å"turned away,† which, unlike the more rarely used obverse, has a noun form, too: reversal. Perverse, which means â€Å"turned away (from what is correct),† has the noun forms pervert, for a person, and perversion, for the quality. Transverse means â€Å"turned across† (the rare noun form is transversal), and traverse means â€Å"to pass across.† Versus also ultimately derives from vertere by way of, well, versus. (The Old English suffix -weard, from which we derive -ward seen in toward, forward, and so on is akin to versus.) Other related words include verse (from the idea of â€Å"turning† from one line of verse to another), versed (â€Å"knowledgeable† literally, â€Å"one who knows verses,† with the connotation of one who â€Å"turns over† a subject of study), and versify, or â€Å"write verse.† Anniversary, meanwhile, literally means â€Å"year turning,† and universe, originally meaning â€Å"all together,† is derived from the words for â€Å"one† and â€Å"turn.† University, referring to a place of learning, stems from the idea of â€Å"whole,† with the connotation of â€Å"community.† (Varsity, an alteration of a shortening of university, denotes the primary group of athletes in any sport who represent a university or other school.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with225 Foreign Phrases to Inspire YouAffect vs. Effect

Personal Leadership statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership - Personal Statement Example By using these skills, characteristics and techniques, there is the ability to work more effectively with others in a company. There are a variety of benefits by looking at skills and characteristics of a transformational leader. If I focus on these attributes, then the openness, communication and the work as a team will be better to work with. This is combined with the ability for transformation to occur with openness and willingness to work with new ideas. With innovation and experimentation, there will be the ability to change the working environment and the approaches which are taken in the workspace. While this openness is important, I also believe it is important to create a sense of leadership by guiding and sticking with the goals and vision of the company. This is able to work as a guide while monitoring what types of innovation are used as well as what maintenance is required for the company. Mediating between these two aspects is one which not only provides transformation, but also offers guidance through various skills and characters that assists and supports the company. Gong, Y, JC Huang, JL Faith. (2009). â€Å"Employee Learning Orientation, Transformational Leadership, and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Employee Creative Self – Efficacy.† The Academy of Management 31. Pieterse, AN, D Knippenberg. (2010). â€Å"Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Role of Psychological Empowerment.† Journal of Organizational Management 81

Urban forestry status of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Urban forestry status of China - Research Paper Example What is perhaps more disturbing is the fact that the people engaged in the destruction of forest lands for private and commercial economic construction see the latter as the most ideal definition of development for China (Konijnendijk, 2007). Consequently, the need for an urgent step to control the rate at which the beautiful green rain forest that nature gave to the people of China is being destroyed has been totally lost. As a result, China is now a victim of greenhouse gas emission, environmental warming and a very poor climate system that has made agriculture very difficult (Gao, 2003). To understand the state of urban forestry in China, the researcher will make use of document review method, which will entail a critique and review of various works of literature pertaining to the area of study. To do this effectively, there will be the construction of a literature log, which will comprise major themes about the study area where the researcher wants information. The literature log will therefore serve as the major material with which data will be collected for the study. The advantage that the literature log and the document review method offer is that it puts virtually no restriction on the researcher in terms of data collection. This means that the researcher can be as wide with data collection as possible. In this context however, an inclusion and exclusion criteria were set, defining the types of literature to include. For example, sources were to have been published not earlier than 2000. They should have been published in either Chinese or English, and they sh ould have a direct relation to urban forestry. Indeed, as people have a new desire for urbanization that is seen as the source of personal and national economic development, the most immediate action they are most likely to be engaged in is the felling of trees that made up the beautiful Chinese forestry canopy (Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences & Huadong Normal

Coffee Industry Essay Example for Free

Coffee Industry Essay People usually drink coffee to stay up while awake at night, besides that many people rely on coffee to get their day started. According to the New England Journal of Medicine, â€Å"Drinking coffee can lead to a longer life†; however, many consumers have no idea of the impact of habits on their coffee and coffee farmers around the globe, ethical issues of consumers with the industry is not fair; but to coffee farmers, the issues are human rights violations and use of child labor issues need to be addressed. To remedy this situation, the fair trade will hopefully improve the living conditions of some of the poorest people in the world through certified value and the change in the consumers choice. Coffee is one of the most valuable commodities in the world, most of the farmers in the form of small retail and come from developing countries, although the majority of coffee sales are in the America and Europe many people around the world rely on coffee to work and have a better life; however, to producing quality coffee, farmers have to work very hard though farmers receive very little money and the inequity of the coffee producing companies when they sell coffee. Working conditions of farmers in the plantations are very different, although they work hard , but it paid for exploitation, for example , in Guatemala , coffee pickers to harvest 100 pounds to get the minimum wage $ 3 per day (The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee 2010),farmers have to work overtime and do not earn extra money, so farmers use child labor for the production of coffee to save money and use these chemicals effect of the human body in order for a fast development of coffee sale on the market. Moreover, using the chemicals and the development of the coffee industry adversely affect habitat and species decline. In addition, forests are cut down to coffee production affects the environment and soil erosion. According to World Wildlife Fund (WWF), â€Å"converting forest to tea and coffee agriculture can also create erosion and soil loss† (WWF 2010) ; yet the farmers have no choice and/or the opportunity to change. According to the International Coffee Organization or ICO â€Å"Coffee production in 2012 was 144 611 000 bags, mostly from less developed countries such as, Brazil 50 826 000 bags. Vietnam 22 000 000 bags and Indonesia 12 730 000 bags â€Å" (ICO 2013), though coffee production is highly ranked in the world, but farmers still do not get enough money to pay for life, for example, Vietnam in 2012, producing nearly 30 % of world coffee production but the turnover is only 10 % of the total trade value obtained from the global industry, the main reason is due to their ability to improve processing of value and coffee products are limited, coffee roasting plants in countries with rates lower than 10%, when farmers sells 1kg of coffee beans, farmers gets about 2 dollars or an average price of one cup of coffee oversea, yet 1 kg of coffee can make 50 cups. In addition, the links between farmers and enterprises are not strong, the lack of information on farmers markets, so farmers often extorted. Moreover, the risk of crop failure is the fear of the coffee growers. Most of the profits from coffee for export processing enterprises, coffee farmers only enjoy a small percentage. That has caused insecurity for farmers. Solution to this problem is the fair trade. According to Wikimedia, Fair trade coffee is coffee that is certified as having been produced and marketed to a stated set of standards. Many Customers pay a higher price when buying coffee with the certification logo or brand in the Belief Furniture , by doing so, they are helping farmers in the Third World . In particular, the fair trade coffee movement gives a reasonable price to the Farmers who were being a low wage labor exploitation. However, achieve certification of fair trade, farmers must meet several conditions of production as farmers have to meet a large variety of production standards : there are limits on the use of child labor , pesticides , herbicides , genetically modified products , etc. With these standards met, both consumers and farmers can benefit, with farmers getting the sufficient amount of money for their products, and the consumers getting their product knowing it’s safe to consume and has no effect on the producers financially or ethnically. These farmers must cooperate with businesses to produce the certified products, such amounts received will be higher and the lives of the farmers would be better. In addition, consumers should choose certified products in the supermarket or the market as this will support and will be helpful for farmers. In conclusion, fair trading is the way for farmers and coffee producers to get a higher amount, and will change lives for the better. Therefore farmers should choose fair trade to ensure benefits and consumers should choose products that have been certified to support the farmers. Reference * The problem with Fair Trade Coffee. * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. ssireview. org/articles/entry/the_problem_with_fair_trade_coffee * Coffee Production and Labor * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. organicconsumers. org/starbucks/coffeelabor. htm * Fair Trade Coffee * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee * International Coffee Organization- EXPORTING COUNTRIES: TOTAL PRODUCTION * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. ico. org/prices/po. htm * Health and effect of Coffee. * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Health_effects_of_coffee * Environmental Impacts of Coffee and Tea Production * Retrieved September 2, 2013 from http://www. hellogreentomorrow. com/blog/2010/11/environmental-impacts-of-coffee-and-tea-production.

Dworkins Belief Of Preferential Treatment :: essays research papers

Dworkin's Belief of Preferential Treatment For many years, preferential treatment has been used to try to make up for past wrong-doings to minorities. There have been many cases tried over racial discrimination, with verdicts of both innocent and guilty. Ronald Dworkin attempts to argue that preferential treatment is socially useful and at the same time does not violate people's rights. This is wrong for many reasons; here I shall illustrate how preferential treatment hinders racial equality, violates people's rights, and can lead to a lower opinion toward a particular race. Dworkin believes that continuing preferential treatment will decrease racial consciousness and the importance of race. This is the total opposite of what truly happens. If a person were to consider America's past, as an example, he would see how racially diverse people were. Now look around. Just walking across any given area, groups of people of the same race are seen walking together. Most people do not notice this, but very rarely are groups of ethnically diverse people seen. Although there are no longer any laws stating that there must be a separation between different races, people still practice it unconsciously. Dworkin states that the long-term goal of preferential treatment "is to reduce the degree to which American society is overall a racially conscious society (294)." Preferential treatment does nothing of the sort. It was used widely in the past and still exists in some areas today. It has not reduced racial consciousness, but increased it by making people think more about how many spaces are reserved for their particular race. Instead, people should think of what their chances are of getting something on account of their personal knowledge over someone else's, not even considering their race as a factor. This is evident in a black's point of view of getting into the medical school of the University of California at Davis. Sixteen places are set aside just for blacks and other minorities, no matter how low their test scores are. That way, minorities don't even have to worry about competing with whites for a position. This does not, in any way, reduce racial consciousness by setting two tracks for admission to medical school, one for the minorities, and one for the majority. Mr. Dworkin supports the idea that preferential treatment does not violate people's rights. His argument is weak here because he attempts to prove this by saying that if two things do not violate people's rights, then neither does a third. The two things that supposedly do not violate rights are the denial of someone to medical school because of their age and because their test

A Sense Of Life Satisfaction Health And Social Care Essay

The survey of quality of life, self directed larning and issues of psychological, physical, societal and economic position in older grownups have been of import countries of research over the past few decennaries ( Maddox and Wiley, 1996 ) . Such researches have led to the development of schemes to maximise capacity and potency to cover with the jobs and procedures associated with ripening. At the same clip surveies of relationship between ego directed acquisition and geriatrics have been fuelled. Development of graduated tables like Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale – SDLRS ( Guglielmino, 1997 ) which aim to measure the preparedness of a individual to self-learn hold well increased the attending in the field of gerontology instruction literature. Surveies by Hassan ( 1991 ) and McCoy ( 1992 ) reflect straight relative relationship between grownup ‘s age and impulse to command learning.A However, for the older grownups there have been no published histories to echo the comparing between the tonss of SDLRS and quality of life. Though Dowden ( 2008 ) laid down that larning attempts consequence in improved life quality, it is now of import to find relationship between steps of life quality and preparedness for autonomous acquisition. Therefore, the focal point of the paper would be to analyze such relationships.AProblem StatementAThe present probe is based on a double job as evident from the debut and subsequently supported by the reappraisal of literature. The job countries are listed below. Some older grownups through ego directed learning overcome hurdlings to keep their province of good being, while most other older grownups find themselves awkward to keep this province. Better apprehension of why merely a few older grownups opt for autonomous acquisition to fulfill their intrinsic demands. A Measures of quality of life and leaning to larn vary well among the old aged grownups and these discrepancies form the evidences of the job countries under survey. Validating a nexus between willingness on autonomous acquisition and life quality can so put down the foundations of utilizing self directed acquisition as a scheme to keep high province of good being in older grownups.APurpose/ObjectivesAThis paper will specifically concentrate on two wide aims based on the job countries. Furthermore, since, non much has been published about grownup ‘s ego directed acquisition, hence, the research intent will be completed by a 3rd aim. To find and analyze the assorted considerations and methods in analyzing autonomous acquisition. To analyze the relationship between avidity for acquisition and quality of life in older grownups. To analyze the relationship between older grownup ‘s demographic variables and extent of autonomous acquisition preparedness.HypothesissA The undermentioned hypotheses were constituted to steer the analysis of informations. There is a positive relationship between avidity for acquisition and quality of life. There is a important difference in autonomous acquisition preparedness and quality of life of institutionalised topics and community based sample. There is a important relationship between older grownup ‘s demographic variables and extent of autonomous acquisition preparedness.Definition of Key FootingsAQuality of Life – The World Health Organization defines Quality of life as â€Å" an person ‘s perceptual experience of their place in life in the context of the civilization and value systems in which they live and in relation to their ends, outlooks, criterions and concerns. It is a wide ranging construct affected in a complex manner by the individual ‘s physical wellness, psychological province, personal beliefs, societal relationships and their relationship to salient characteristics of their environment † ( Oort, 2005 ) . Older AdultA – for the intent of the survey, any individual above the age of 60 old ages is defined as an older grownup.AReappraisal of LiteratureA A Campbell ( 1991 ) stated that quality of life is a obscure term and can non be explained by a individual precise definition. While Kalish ( 1995 ) discussed four important constructs of quality of life in relation to geriatrics: A sense of life satisfaction at the present age A socially acknowledged manner of life for the senior citizens. A sense of felicity with one ‘s activities and societal position. Care of desirable activities of mid-life. ( p.60 )AA This reflects a important relationship between geriatrics and quality of life where quality of life is viewed as a â€Å" major constituent † of successful ripening ( Leonard, 1982 ) . Later, Larson ( 1998 ) associated successful aging with province of wellbeing and stated that the latter is a â€Å" positive emotionalism experienced by older individuals. † ( 1998, p. 109 ) . Therefore, quality of life can be viewed as one ‘s sense of psychosocial wellbeing. A Subsequently, to make off with the restrictions of unidimensional graduated tables of quality of life and the multidimensional Quaity of Life Index A -QLIA ( Neugarten, et Al. 1961 ) , Salamon and Conte ( 1991 ) published a new step of quality of life. An Indian version of the same viz. â€Å" Scale K – Quality of Life inA the Aged † ( SKQLE ) contains 25items in five long Likert subscales viz. , â€Å" positive ego construct † , â€Å" positive affectivity † , â€Å" prosecuting a meaningful life † , â€Å" conformance in achieved and desired ends † and â€Å" control over learning activities † and 15 points in three short subscales viz. , â€Å" societal interactions † , â€Å" physiological and psychosocial wellness † and â€Å" economic stableness † . ( Khullar and Rai, 2009 ) For the intent of the present survey SKQLE was employed for two grounds. It was standardised on the population under survey i.e. in the Indian context The factors of the graduated table can be linked to geriatric instruction literature and/or preparedness for ego directed acquisition. In the undermentioned subdivisions, the SKQLE, proposed for informations aggregation in this survey, is discussed in item. In 1971, Tough categorized the attacks to analyze self directed larning phenomena for older grownups as learning undertakings ( Tough, 1971 ) . Later it was categorized as qualitative or autonomous preparedness ( Passmore, 1986 ) . Evidence based research findings reflected a wide scope of parametric quantities like psychosocial factors significantly correlate with ego directed learning preparedness. Based on the debut, besides the survey of quality of life of older people in context to residential scene is basically relevant. Findingss suggest that quality of life is significantly better in community sample than in a sample from institutionalised and long term attention puting ( Wolk and Telleen, 1999 ) . Furthermore, they published that the degree of quality is determined by other correlatives of the residential scene of the older grownups.MethodologyThis subdivision includes a elaborate treatment on the methodological analysis proposed for intent of the present research.Research DesignAAn Ex station facto research design has been used for the present survey. A The survey will therefore affect informations aggregation on the two aforementioned variables and any differences determined will reflect the fluctuation of consequences in rating attempts in conformity to self directed larning preparedness tonss, gender, residential scenes, age, and quality of life tonss without any use from the research worker ‘s terminal.LocationA The research is conceptualized maintaining in head the population of old aged grownups in India. However, with respect to the fluctuations in socioeconomic position and other demographic elements, it is necessary to specify the survey scene. The survey, therefore, includes older grownups populating in two scenes. One, elderly in place scenes in Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, who require minimum support and receive attention and other in senior citizen ‘s Grih Seva Sansthan, Lucknow, who do non necessitate twenty-four hours attention and are largely retired and self prolonging citizens. This puting facilitates placing the two groups mentioned in the proposed survey and besides aids in informations aggregation.Population and Sampling PlanTo reflect upon the population, it was determined that 284 people of 60 old ages of age or older live in place scenes while 366 reside in the Grih Seva Sansthan ( institutionalised scene ) . A From both scenes, a entire random sample of 200 people will be drawn utilizing a random tabular array. The sample shall represent 100 people from each scene. This sample will guarantee a normal distribution of tonss in SKQLE and SDLRS because of a satisfactory cross subdivision of topics in footings of age, gender, socio-economic position and residential scenes. The information therefore obtained will assist statistical comparings for the declared hypotheses.AData Collection ProceduresTo mensurate an independent variable, a dependent variable and other moderator variables two instruments shall been employed in the proposed survey. The graduated tables shall be distributed personally by the research worker and the location helper. Explanations shall be provided to those necessitating farther elucidations on the signifier. After a hebdomad ‘s clip, the research worker and location helper shall roll up the signifiers from the sample and thank them for their co-operation.AIndependent VariableA – The independent variable under survey is the Quality of Life, which shall be measured utilizing the Scale K of Quality of Life in Elderly ( SKQLE ) . Dependent VariableA – Readiness for ego directed acquisition is the dependent variable in the proposed survey. Moderating VariablesA -A The present research includes three moderator variables- residential scene, gender and age.ToolsScale K – Quality of Life inA the Aged † ( SKQLE ) has been developed by Khullar and Rai ( 2009 ) . It is a self study stock list incorporating 43 points out of which 40 points are divided into short and long graduated tables, all concentrating on measuring of quality of life, as mentioned in the reappraisal of literature. The other three points assess the moderating variables. The manual shows the internal dependability coefficient of the graduated table as 0.93 while the trial retest dependability coefficient is 0.84. There is no reference the cogency of the graduated table. Give this restriction, SKQLE is still widely accepted owing to its high dependability coefficient and possible attack to mensurate the variables of quality of life. The Hindi interlingual rendition of Self Directed Learning Readiness Scale ( SDLRS ) has been employed in the proposed survey to mensurate the dependent variable. Guglielmino ( 1997 ) developed this graduated table to measure the perceptual experiences of the topics about the extent to which they possess attributes indispensable for ego directed acquisition. It is a 58-item Likert graduated table, with a reported dependability coefficient of.87 and a high internal and prognostic cogency.Datas AnalysisAFor the intent of analysis of informations, the hypotheses are shown in void signifier and different methods of analysis are proposed. There is no important relationship between avidity for acquisition and quality of life. There is no important difference in autonomous acquisition preparedness and quality of life of institutionalised topics and community based sample. There is no important difference in autonomous acquisition preparedness and quality of life in males and females. There is no important difference in autonomous acquisition preparedness and quality of life based on age. A The first hypothesis will be tested with a Pearson correlativity coefficient. The 2nd and 3rd hypotheses will be tested by chi-square, and 4th by t-test at.05 degree of significance. A corporate proving shall follow utilizing Analysis Of Variance ( ANOVA )ASignificance of the surveyThere have been extended surveies on the variables of quality of life and leaning for autonomous acquisition. But there have been no important surveies that have studied the two together and reported it in the context of older people. The research therefore proposed is important to set up a relationship between the two variables taking into history the extent to which the demographic variables act upon the preparedness for larning. It shall besides spread out the cognition base in context of older grownups as possible scholars. Schemes can be founded on its consequences to magnify the potency of older people to cover efficaciously with the jobs of old age and bettering quality of life.ARestrictionsAOwing to the heterogeneousness of the older population, certain sections might be overlooked or can non be included hence, the generalizability of the consequences of the survey remains geographically limited. The independent and dependent variable are non concrete concepts but subjective perceptual experiences about one ‘s accomplishments to add value to life, therefore the consequences of the survey may be affected by dysfunctional beliefs about oneself. In absence of information about the cogency of SKQLE, the survey faces a restriction of formalizing what the tool purports to mensurate. Though at that place in information about high dependability of the tool, merely future researches with other sample and tools may steer better cognition of the constructs being studied in the proposed research.

Common law Essay

A Tort is the French word for a â€Å"wrong.† A tort is a civil wrong. A civil wrong involves a breach of a duty owed to someone else, as opposed to criminal wrongdoing which involves a breach of a duty owed to society. Torts are civil wrongs other than breaches of contract and certain equitable wrongs. The law of torts law is a remainder category of civil wrongs once other wrongs are excluded. It covers a grab bag of legal cases comprising such disparate topics as auto accidents, false imprisonment, slander and libel, product liability (such as defectively designed consumer products), and environmental pollution (toxic torts). A person who suffers legal damage may be able to use tort law to receive damages (usually monetary compensation) from someone who is responsible or liable for those injuries. Generally speaking, tort law defines what is a legal injury and what is not. A person may be held liable (responsible to pay) for another’s injury caused by them. Torts can be classified in a number of different ways, one is to distinguish according to degree of fault, so that there are intentional torts, negligent torts, and strict liability torts. In much of the Western world, the measure of tort liability is negligence. If the injured party cannot prove that the person believed to have caused the injury acted with negligence (lack of reasonable care), at the very least, tort law will not compensate (pay) the victim. However, tort law also recognizes intentional (purposeful) torts and strict liability torts, which apply when the person accused of committing the tort satisfied certain standards of intent (meaning) and/or performed certain types of conduct. In tort law, injury is defined broadly. Injury does not just mean a physical injury, such as where Brenda was struck by a ball. Injuries in tort law reflect any invasion of any number of individual interests. This includes interests recognized in other areas of law, such as property rights. Actions for nuisance (annoying or hurting) and trespass (unlawful entering) of land can arise from interfering with rights in real property. Conversion law and trespass to chattels (personal property) can protect interference with movable property. Interests in prospective (possible future) economic advantages from signed agreements can also be injured and become the subject of tort actions. A number of situations caused by parties in a contractual (written agreement) relationship may still be tort rather than contract claims, such as breach of duties. Tort law may also be used to compensate (pay) for injuries to a number of other individual interests that are not recognized in property or contract law. This includes an interest in freedom from emotional distress, privacy interests, and reputation. These are protected by a number of torts such as Intentional infliction of emotional distress, privacy torts, and defamation/slander (destruction of a reputation). Defamation and privacy torts may, for example, allow a celebrity to sue a newspaper for publishing an untrue and harmful statement about him. Other protected interests include freedom of movement, protected by the intentional tort of false imprisonment which is when you are arrested without cause. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict. The law of torts can be categorised as part of the law of obligations (duties), but unlike voluntarily assumed obligations (such as those of contract, or trust), the duties imposed by the law of torts apply to all those subject to the relevant jurisdiction. To behave in tortious manner is to harm another’s rights, body, property or other rights. One who commits a tortious act is called a tortfeasor. Law of torts consists of some general defense, which can be pleaded in the court of law to get justice. Types of general defenses 1) INEVITABLE ACCIDENTS[1]: The plea of inevitable accident is usually spoken of as a defense but is, strictly speaking, not a defense but only a denial of liability. For instance, in an action for bodily harm, the plaintiff has ordinarily to prove intent or negligence of the defendant; and if he fails to do so, his injury may be said to be an inevitable accident. The burden to prove plea of inevitable accident lies on the defendant and to establish the defense, the respondent will have to establish that accident could not have been avoided by exercise of ordinary care and caution. Ex: Ryland’s v Fletcher 2) MISTAKE[2]: Mistake of law is generally no defense to civil or criminal liability. Mistake of fact is a general defense under the IPC, but not to an action in tort. For instance, an officer who executes a warrant of arrest against the wrong man by mistake is not guilty of a crime, but he will be liable in an action for false imprisonment. Mistake would be an excuse only in those exceptional cases where an unlawful intent or motive is an essential ingredient in liability. Ex: Hollins v Fowler 3) EXERCISE OF COMMON RIGHTS[3]: This, like inevitable accident, is really nota defense but a denial of a breach of duty or violation of rights, as where the defendant builds on his land and shuts f the light of a new house of his neighbour or opens a new shop and ruins an older rival. The defense is necessary on the assumption that their is a general rule of liability for intentional harm. 4) VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA[4]: It is also known as the defense of consent. Volenti non fit injuria[5] It is a Latin word which means â€Å"to a willing person, no injury is done† or â€Å"no injury is done to a person who consents†) is a common law doctrine which means that if someone willingly places themselves in a position where harm might result, knowing that some degree of harm might result, they cannot then sue if harm actually results. Volenti only applies to the risk which a reasonable person would consider them as having assumed by their actions; thus a boxer consents to being hit, and to the injuries that might be expected from being hit, but does not consent to (for example) his opponent striking him with an iron bar, or punching him outside the usual terms of boxing. Volenti is also known as a â€Å"voluntary assumption of risk.† In Law of Torts, Volenti non-fit injuria is an exception to liability in torts. It means: Where the sufferer is willing and has the knowledge , no injury is done. the precept that denotes that a person who knows and comprehends the peril and voluntarily exposes himself or herself to it, although not negligent in doing so, is regarded as engaging in an assumption of the risk and is precluded from a recovery for an injury ensuing there from. Volenti non fit iniuria (or injuria) (Latin: â€Å"to a willing person, injury is not done†) is a common law doctrine which states that if someone willingly places with proper knowledge themselves in a position where harm might result, they are not able to bring a claim against any damages from the other party in tort. Volenti only applies to the risk which a reasonable person would consider them as having assumed by their actions; thus a boxer consents to being hit, and to the injuries that might be expected from being hit, but does not consent to (for example) his opponent striking him with an iron bar, or punching him outside the usual terms of boxing. Or a person watching a cricket match getting hurt by the ball can be consented. No act is actionable as a tort at the suit of a person who has expressly or impliedly assented to it. In order to plead this defence, it is necessary that the plaintiff should have consented to physical risk or damage as well as to legal risk (i.e. he will get no remedy in law). ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS ââ€" ª Consent must be given freely ââ€" ª Consent must not have been given to an illegal act ââ€" ª Knowledge of risk is not the same thing as consent to run the risk OR 1. A voluntary 2. Agreement 3. Made in full knowledge of the nature and extent of the risk. 1.Voluntary The agreement must be voluntary and freely entered for the defence of Volenti non fit injuria to succeed. If the Claimant is not in a position to exercise free choice, the defence will not succeed. This element is most commonly seen in relation to employment relationships, rescuers and suicide. 2.Agreement The second requirement for the defence of Volenti non fit injuria is agreement. The agreement may be express or implied. An example of an express agreement would be where there exists a contractual term or notice. 3.Knowledge The Claimant must have knowledge of the full nature and extent of the risk that they ran. The test for this is subjective and not objective and in the context of an intoxicated Claimant, the question is whether the Claimant was so intoxicated that he was incapable of appreciating the nature of the risk. Volenti is sometimes described as the plaintiff â€Å"consenting to run a risk.† In this context, volenti can be distinguished from legal consent in that the latter can prevent some torts arising in the first place (for example, consent to a medical procedure prevents the procedure from being a trespass to the person, or consenting to a person visiting your land prevents them from being a trespasser). | | | | Volenti in English[6] In English tort law, volenti is a full defence, i.e. it fully exonerates the defendant who succeeds in proving it. The defence has two main elements: The claimant was fully aware of all the risks involved, including both the nature and the extent of the risk; and The claimant expressly (by his statement) or impliedly (by his actions) consented to waive all claims for damages. His knowledge of the risk is not sufficient: sciens non est. volens (â€Å"knowing is not volunteering†). His consent must be free and voluntary, i.e. not brought about by duress. If the relationship between the claimant and defendant is such that there is doubt as to whether the consent was truly voluntary, such as the relationship between workers and employers, the courts are unlikely to find volenti. It is not easy for a defendant to show both elements and therefore contributory negligence usually constitutes a better defence in many cases. Note however that contributory negligence is a partial defence , i.e. it usually leads to a reduction of payable damages rather than a full exclusion of liability. Also, the person consenting to an act may not always be negligent: a bungee jumper may take the greatest possible care not to be injured, and if he is, the defence available to the organiser of the event will be volenti, not contributory negligence. In the first case (decided before the Occupier’s Liability Act was passed), a girl who had trespassed on the railway was hit by a train. The House of Lords ruled that the fencing around the railway was adequate, and the girl had voluntarily accepted the risk by breaking through it. In the second case, a student who had broken into a closed swimming-pool and injured himself by diving into the shallow end was similarly held responsible for his own injuries. The third case involved a man who dived into a shallow lake, despite the presence of â€Å"No Swimming† signs; the signs were held to be an adequate warning. The defence of volenti is now excluded by statute where a passenger was injured as a result of agreeing to take a lift from a drunk car driver. However, in a well-known case of Morris v Murray [7][volenti was held to apply to a drunk passenger, who accepted a lift from a drunk pilot. The pilot died in the resulting crash and the passenger who was injured, sued his estate. Although he drove the pilot to the airfield (which was closed at the time) and helped him start the engine and tune the radio, he argued that he did not freely and voluntarily consent to the risk involved in flying. The Court of Appeal held that there was consent: the passenger was not so drunk as to fail to realise the risks of taking a lift from a drunk pilot, and his actions leading up to the flight demonstrated that he voluntarily accepted those risks. Rescuers For reasons of policy, the courts are reluctant to criticize the behavior of rescuers. A rescuer would not be considered volens if: He was acting to rescue persons or property endangered by the defendant’s negligence; He was acting under a compelling legal, social or moral duty; and His conduct in all circumstances was reasonable and a natural consequence of the defendant’s negligence. An example of such a case is Haynes v. Harwood[8], in which a policeman was able to recover damages after being injured restraining a bolting horse: he had a legal and moral duty to protect life and property and as such was not held to have been acting as a volunteer or giving willing consent to the action – it was his contractual obligation as an employee and police officer and moral necessity as a human being to do so, and not a wish to volunteer, which caused him to act. By contrast, in Cutler v. United Dairies [9]a man who was injured trying to restrain a horse was held to be v olens because in that case no human life was in immediate danger and he was not under any compelling duty to act. Unsuccessful attempts to rely on volenti: Examples of cases where a reliance on volenti was unsuccessful include: Nettleship v. Weston[10] Baker v T E Hopkins & Son Ltd[11]). In the first case, the plaintiff was an instructor who was injured while teaching the defendant to drive. The defence of volenti failed i.e. because the plaintiff specifically inquired if the defendant’s insurance covered him before agreeing to teach. In the second case, a doctor went in to try to rescue workmen who were caught in a well after having succumbed to noxious fumes. He did so despite being warned of the danger and told to wait until the fire brigade arrived. The doctor and the workmen all died. The court held that it would be â€Å"unseemly† to hold the doctor to have consented to the risk simply because he acted promptly and bravely in an attempt to save lives. Hall v. Brooklands Auto-Racing Club [12] The plaintiff paid to enter a motor-car race track to watch races on a track owned and managed by the defendants. On the evening the plaintiff was spectating, two of the race-cars collided near the barrier between the spectators and the track. The cars collided with the barrier and caused severe injury to the plaintiff and others. The defendants were held liable to pay damages by a jury who found that they had not taken reasonable precautions to protect spectators. On appeal by the defendant, it was held that there was no evidence to find the defendants had not taken reasonable precautions and that there was no obligation to ensure safety in all circumstances, just that reasonable precautions were taken. The defendant’s case was upheld. Wooldridge v Sumner [13] Facts The plaintiff, Mr. Wooldridge, who was a photographer at a horse race, was injured by the horse belonging to the defendant, Sumner, which was ridden in a competition by Sumner’s, who was a skilled and experienced horseman. 1 Judgment The Court of Appeal held that Sumner owed no duty of care to Wooldridge in this case. As a spectator, Wooldridge accepted the risks involved in a horserace he came to watch. As a reasonable participant in the race, which is a fast and competitive sport, the horseman was expected to concentrate on the race and not on the spectator. In the course of a fast moving competition such as this one, he could be expected to make errors of judgment. As long as the damage was not caused recklessly or deliberately, the participant in a race could not be held liable for the spectators’ injuries because he was not negligent, i.e. not in breach of his duty. Dann v. Hamilton [14] The Claimant was injured when she was a willing passenger in the car driven by the Mr. Hamilton. He had been drinking and the car was involved in a serious crash which killed him. In a claim for damages the Defendant raised the defence of volenti non fit injuria in that in accepting the lift knowing of his drunken condition she had voluntarily accepted the risk. Held: The defence was unsuccessful. The claimant was entitled to damages. Asquith J: â€Å"There may be cases in which the drunkenness of the driver at the material time is so extreme and so glaring that to accept a lift from him is like engaging in an intrinsically and obviously dangerous occupation, intermeddling with an unexploded bomb or walking on the edge of an unfenced cliff. It is not necessary to decide whether in such a case the maxim volenti non fit injuria would apply, for in the present case I find as a fact that the driver’s degree of intoxication fell short of this degree†. HAYNES v HARWOOD [15] facts The plaintiff, a police constable, was on duty inside a police station in a street in which, at the material time, were a large number of people, including children. Seeing the defendants’ runaway horses with a van attached coming down the street he rushed out and eventually stopped them, sustaining injuries in consequence, in respect of which he claimed damages. HELD 1) That on the evidence the defendants’ servant was guilty of negligence in leaving the horses unattended in a busy street. 2) that as the defendants must or ought to have contemplated that some one might attempt to stop the horses in an endeavour to prevent injury to life and limb, and as the police were under a general duty to intervene to protect life and property, the act of, and injuries to, the plaintiff were the natural and probable consequences of the defendants’ negligence. 3) That the maxim â€Å"volenti non fit injuria† did not apply to prevent the plaintiff recovering. . 1 Imperial Chemical Industries v Shatwell [16] Volenti non fit injuria, [Latin: no wrong is done to one who consents] The defense that the plaintiff consented to the injury or (more usually) to the risk of being injured. Facts The plaintiff and his brother were were certificated and experienced shotfirers employed by ICI Ltd in a quarry owned by the defendant company. Part of the brothers’ works included wiring up detonators and checking the electrical circuits. There was an old practice where a galvanometer was applied directly to each detonator for testing purposes. This practice was known to be dangerous and was outlawed by statutory regulation. The plaintiff claimed his brother was 50 per cent to blame for the explosion and the employer was vicariously liable. The plaintiff was awarded half of the total amount of damages. The defendant appealed. The Decision The plaintiff and his brother were both experts. They freely and voluntarily assumed the risk involved in using the galvanometer. There was no pressure from any other source. To the contrary, they were specifically warned about complying with the new safety regulations. The defence of volenti non-fit injuria will apply when there is true and free consent to the risk. Note (1) the employers not being themselves in breach of duty, any liability of theirs would be vicarious liability for the fault of J, and to such liability (whether for negligence or for breach of statutory duty) the principle volenti non fit injuria afforded a defence, where, as here, the facts showed that G and J knew and accepted the risk (albeit a remote risk) of testing in a way that contravened their employers’ instructions and the statutory regulations. (2) Each of them, G and J, (the brothers) emerged from their joint enterprise as author of his own injury, and neither should be regarded as having contributed a separate wrongful act injuring the other. The defence of volenti non fit injuria should be available where the employer is not himself in breach of statutory duty and is not vicariously in breach of any statutory duty through neglect of some person of superior rank to the plaintiff and whose commands the plaintiff is bound to obey, or who has some special and different duty of care. Nettleship v Weston [17] is an English Court of Appeal judgment dealing with the breach of duty in negligence claims. In this case the court had considered the question of the standard of care that should be applied to a learner driver, and whether it should be the same as is expected of an experienced driver. | | Facts Mr. Nettleship, the plaintiff, agreed to teach Mrs. Weston, the defendant, to drive in her husband’s car, after he had inquired the insurance policy. During one of the lessons, the defendant lost control of the car and caused an accident in which the plaintiff was injured. The defendant argued that the plaintiff was well aware of her lack of skill and that the court should make allowance for her since she could not be expected to drive like an experienced motorist. 3 Judgment The Court of Appeal, consisting of Lord Denning MR, Salmon LJ and Megaw LJ held that applying a lower standard to the learner driver because the instructor was aware of his inexperience would result in complicated shifting standards. It would imply, for example, that an inexperienced doctor owed his patient a lower standard of care if the patient was aware of his lack of experience. The standard of care for a learner driver would be the usual standard applied to drivers: that of an experienced and skilled driver. The policy consideration that played a role in this decision was that the learner driver was covered by insurance. Over the dissent of Megaw LJ, the Court of Appeal held that the instructor was also responsible for the accident as he was partially in control of the car and should only be able to recover half of his damages due to negligence. Able to recover half of his damages due to contributory negligence. Baker v T E Hopkins & Son Ltd[18] 1 Facts Two employees of the defendant company were overcome by carbon monoxide fumes in a well they were attempting to decontaminate. The plaintiff, a doctor, went in to try to rescue them even though he was warned of the fumes and told that the fire brigade was on the way. All the three men died. 2 Judgment The defendant company argued that the (the estate of) the plaintiff doctor should either not be compensated because the doctor knowingly accepted the risk he was taking or his damages would be reduced for contributory negligence. The Court of Appeal considered that such a suggestion was â€Å"ungracious† and that it was unseemly and irrational to say that a rescuer freely takes on the risks inherent in a rescue attempt. The doctor’s contributory negligence could only be recognized if he showed â€Å"a wholly unreasonable disregard for his own safety†. 3 Significance This case is one of the many in which the courts have refused to hold rescuers who have suffered in their rescue attempts to have negligently contributed to their injuries or accepted the risks involved in their rescue attempt. This applies to both amateur and professional rescuers, such as fire fighters (See Ogwo v. Tailor [19]) INDIAN CASES United India Insurance Co. Ltd. vs Guguloth Khana And Ors.[20] Facts:– On 23-5-1991 a lorry bearing No. AP 26-T-364 belonging to M/s. Amruthesh Transport Company started at Warangal with some load of groundnut oil cake to go to Anakapalle in Visakhapatnam. One Ch. Mallikarjun was engaged as driver of the said lorry. There was a comprehensive insurance policy for the lorry with the United India Insurance Company. When the lorry reached near Thorrur village on the way leading to Khammamm P.W.D. Road, several villagers were waiting on the road, due to lack of transport facility because of the assassination of Sri Rajiv Gandhi on the previous day (22-5-1991). Then, about 25 persons, including some children and women boarded the lorry. The lorry, after travelling about five kilometers from Thorrur village and reached near Mattedu village, the driver of the lorry applied sudden brakes whereby the lorry turned turtle, as a result of which twelve persons died on the spot and three more persons also died after they were taken to hospital. Ten persons sustained injuries. The claimants, either the injured or the legal heirs of the persons who died in the accident, have filed the O.Ps against the owner, driver and insurer of the lorry. Before the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal, the driver of the lorry who was served with notices in the O.Ps remained ex parte. Before the Tribunal, owner of the lorry filed counter, denying the averments in the O.Ps, contending that the driver of the lorry was not responsible for the accident. It was contended that at the time of the accident, another lorry was coming in the opposite direction at high speed in a rash and negligent manner, and to avert accident, the driver of the lorry applied sudden brakes by taking the lorry to the extreme left side of the road. Due to bad condition of the road, the lorry turned turtle resulting in fatal road accident. He also contended that he has given strict instructions to the lorry drivers not to carry passengers on their lorries. Before the Tribunal, the present appellant-Insurance Company also filed counters admitting that the lorry involved in the accident was insured with it as a goods vehicle, in which passengers are not allowed to travel. It was contended that as per the conditions of insurance policy only six persons are authorized to travel in the lorry and that the persons who travelled in the lorry were unauthorized passengers. It was contended that even if for any reason it is considered that the deceased and injured are non-fare paying passengers, the liability of the Insurance Company is limited to Rs. 15,000/- in case of death and lesser amount for injuries. The Insurance Company disputed the quantum of compensation claimed in the O.Ps. by the respective claimants. Issues raised †¢ Whether the accident took place due to rash and/or negligent driving by respondent No. 1? †¢ To what compensation if any, the petitioners are entitled to and if so, against which of the respondents? †¢ To what relief ? Subsequently, the issues were recast as under: âž ¢ Whether the accident took place due to rash and/or negligent driving of the lorry by its driver Ch. Mallikarjun? âž ¢ Whether there were specific instructions issued to the drivers of the Transport Company that they should not carry passengers enroute and if so, on that ground that owner of the crime vehicle is not liable to pay the compensation in the claim petitions? âž ¢ Whether the third respondent Insurance Company is not liable to cover the risk of the deceased and injured involved in the accident under the terms of the Insurance policy, the copy of which is marked as Ex.B-1 along with the terms and conditions of the policy including Indian Motor Tariff marked as Ex. B-2? âž ¢ Whether the petitioners are entitled for compensation, if so, to what amount and from whom? âž ¢ To what relief? . Decision (a) On consideration of the oral and documentary evidence on record, the Tribunal held that the accident has taken place due to rash and negligent driving of the lorry by its driver. The Tribunal negatived the contention of the owner of the lorry that he is not liable to pay compensation. Basing on these two findings and the medical and documentary evidence available on record, different amounts of compensations were granted to the different claimants in the respective O.Ps, who are arrayed as respondents in the appeals. (b) Aggrieved by the same, the present appeals are filed by the Insurance Company. (c) The first contention advanced by the Counsel for the appellant-Insurance Company is that the injured/deceased who travelled in the lorry are unauthorized passengers in a goods vehicle and the insurance policy issued is for the goods vehicle and there is no reason to fasten the liability on the Insurance Company; it is a violation of policy conditions and there is no need to fix the liability against the present appellant-Insurance Company. (d) The second contention advanced by the Counsel for the appellant-Insurance Company is that the owner of the lorry got examined R.W. 1, Manager in the Transport Company, who stated that he was informed by the driver of the lorry that the injured/ deceased unauthorisedly entered the lorry, and the maxim/doctrine â€Å"volenti non fit injuria† applied to this case as they voluntarily entered into the lorry at their own risk and there is no reason to fasten liability on the Insurance Company. (e) In these cases, so far as the first contention of the Counsel for appellant that the claimants/respondents are travelling as a gratuitous passengers in a goods vehicle and not entitled for compensation and the Insurance Company is not liable to pay any such compensation, is concerned, it is contrary to the principle laid down by the Supreme Court in New India Assurance Company v. Shri Satpal Singh and Ors[21]. . In that case, the Supreme Court considering clause (ii) of proviso to Sub-section (1) of Section 95 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (Old Act) and Section 147 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (new Act), and noticing the absence of a similar clause in the new Act, held†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦under the new Act an insurance policy covering third party risk is not required to exclude gratuitous passengers in a vehicle, no matter that the vehicle is of any type or class†. In view of the above ruling of the Supreme Court, there is no merit in the first contention of the appellant, that the injured/legal heirs of the deceased in these cases are not entitled to any compensation on the ground that they are gratuitous passengers, is without substance and the same is hereby rejected. . [i](f) Learned Counsel for the appellant-Insurance Company relied on the decision in V. Gangamma v. New India Assurance Co. wherein a learned Single Judge of this Court held that the Insurance Company is not liable to pay compensation to the dependants of the deceased persons who are travelling in the vehicle at the time of accident as trespassers and not as passengers. The facts of that case are entirely different from that of the facts in these appeals. In the case cited, the claimants were treated as passengers on the basis of evidence of R. W. 1 (the driver of the lorry therein), who categorically stated that the claimants-therein have forcibly entered into the lorry asking him to take them to particular place and threatened to beat him if he does not do so. In the present cases, there is no evidence to show that the claimants/deceased entered into the lorry forcibly with any threat to the driver of the lorry. So, the decision in Gangamma’s case (3 supra) is not applicable to the case on hand. The appeals was dismissed. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Rmaswamy Ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) †¢ Winfield and jodowiez, TORT WVH Jogers,7th edn. †¢ 1990] 3 All ER 801 ( Court of Appeal), †¢ [1935] 1 KB †¢ [1933] 2 KB 297 †¢ [1971] 3 All ER 581 (Court of Appeal †¢ [1959] 3 All ER 225 (Court of Appeal †¢ (1933) 1 KB 205 †¢ [1963] 2 QB 23 †¢ 1959] 3 All ER 225 (Court of Appeal †¢ [1988] AC 431). †¢ II (2001) ACC 392, 2001 (2) ALT 185 [1999] RD-SC 411 ———————– [1] Rmaswamy ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.p.939(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) [2] Rmaswamy ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.p.940(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) [3] Rmaswamy ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.p.940(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) [4] Rmaswamy ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.p.940(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) [5] Winfield and jodowiez,TORT WVH Jogers,7th edn.P.1057 [6] Winfield and jodowiez,TORT WVH Jogers,7th edn.P.1058 [7]1990] 3 All ER 801 ( Court of Appeal), [8] [1935] 1 KB 146 [9] [1933] 2 KB 297 [10] [1971] 3 All ER 581 (Court of Appeal [11] [1959] 3 All ER 225 (Court of Appeal [12] (1933) 1 KB 205 [13] [1963] 2 QB 23 [14] [1939] 1 KB 50 [15] [1935] 1 KB 146 [16] [1964] All ER 999 [17] [1971] 2 QB 691 [18] 1959] 3 All ER 225 (Court of Appeal [19] [1988] AC 431). [20] II (2001) ACC 392, 2001 (2) ALT 185 5 [21] [1999] RD-SC 411 ———————– ———————– |LAW OF TORTS |August 29 | | |2013 | |THIS RESEARCH PAPER BRINGS OUT THE APPLICATION OF VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA, AS A | VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA &CASES | |DEFENCE IN TORT LAW. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

buy custom Anatomy of Evil essay

buy custom Anatomy of Evil essay In Anatomy of Evil, the author has clearly used his understanding of psychology and the human behavior to try to understand and explain in a well and clear manner the reasons why people commit acts that are considered to be evil by the society in general. He looks at such acts as murder, rape and violence and he explains why he thinks they happen and the factors that lead to their occurrence. He gives his findings from a scientific point of view as his analysis of the whole aspect of evil is based not on a particular case but several cases from which he makes his findings and this in scientific analysis gives a conclusive finding. In his book Dr. Stone uses detailed biographies from more than 600 perpetrators of crimes that are considered to be evil and he also conducts interviews with people who have been imprisoned due to crimes to try to understand, give more insight and explain the logic behind their actions. Some of the people he looks at in his book as he gives a history of violent acts include Charles Mason, Ted Bundy and Jeffrey Dahmer who are considered as high profile killers. The inclusion of the fore mentioned in his study reinforces his aim of wanting to find out the reasons behind their actions. With such information it is seen that Stones research is wide and broad. From his studies and interviews Stone manages to determine that those involved in atrocious crimes can be categorized into levels which reflect on their behaviors. He managed to create a 22- level hierarchy of evil behavior that could be used to rank the level of evil that has been committed by an individual. Though he creates a hierarchy of evil behavior, it is not clearly understood why he ranks evil because evil is evil. The hierarchy consists of such evil behaviors such as crimes of passion, sadistic torture, violent rape and murder. It also adds to it behaviors such as aggression, narcissistic tendencies and also psychopathic tendencies. In his hierarchy, Stone considers the taking of life through misperception or psychosis to be the lowest levels in the hierarchy and the highest levels he relates to serial homicides, murder and violent rape which he observed that the assailants tend to be sadistic and show no remorse. Using the created hierarchy by Stone, it is possible for one to have a clear understanding on the kind of evil behavior being exhibited by an assailant. This has been used by law enforcement agencies t understand the actions of the assailants and their behaviors and from such understanding it has made it possible to deal with people involved in heinous crimes. The act of Dr. Stone personally interviewing the deranged personalities, going through the whole process of interviewing emotionally disturbed people and even dangerous situations so that he would obtain the most informed logical views to the dysfunctional behavior of these people. This shows that in his research on the anatomy of evil, Dr. Stone went out of his way so as to be able to give findings which are well informed rather than based on hypothetical and theoretical views which for a long time have been used to explain and understand the evil behavior of these perpetrators of such heinous acts. Other than only focusing on the reasons for explaining such evil behavior, he also looks at the human experience of behaviors such as anger, resentment, confusion, pain and violent lashing. He is able to show that such evil behaviors are in a way connected to human experience as he explains that some people commit dreadful acts due to anger as it tends to cloud a persons judgment. In the book, Stone discusses some of his findings which would in a way help to explain the causes of evil. Some of the facts he puts forth that might lead people to commit despicable crimes include heredity, adverse environments, violence prone cultures, mental illness and abuse of mind altering drugs such as anti-depressants. In his study, most of his respondents, those who committed the crimes were found to be of a sound mind and therefore the mentioning of mental illness cannot be exactly expected to be the cause of evil as it is medically proven that mental illness can cloud a persons judgment and also affect his logic ability. In addition, severe head injury reduces ones inhibitions. This case is noted in the book when he mentioned the story on Charles Whitman. It was determined later that Whitman had a brain tumor in the region of the brain that controls emotion. Such an example is not appropriately used because his case was a profound medical condition. We observe in the book according to Stone, characteristics of violent criminals can be traced back to their childhood and also in their youths. He explained such behaviors to be observed in the way they commit violence against their animals, petty crimes and even arson attacks. He further observes that when in theiir adulthood, these people turn violent against their human counterparts. Such was due to those children growing up unloved, unwanted or even abused. Though he supports his claims on causes of evil, he still believes that it is possible to have a society that can be free of evil behavior by predicting that signs of evil behavior can be corrected while still in childhood before potentially dangerous patterns become entrenched. From Stones findings, some of these people with evil behavior do not exhibit psychotic behavior but have a charm that they use to manipulate others into doing what they want thus leading people to become their victims by luring them. Stones book can be read by any person who has an interest in reading and psychology studies but it is a good book for those who are doing or studying forensic psychology as it gives an understanding of people said to commit heinous crimes such as murder, violent rape and suicide. In the book, Stone also talks about the latest scientific research into pathology and the minds of those people involved in such despicable acts. He does explore the fact on the causes of evil by giving short details on known killers but does not focus on them in totality as killers are just a small part of the whole anatomy of evil. Even though he gives small accounts of these perpetrators, the book to some extent appears to be a horrendous book due to the imagery he uses to give an account of the crimes committed by these people with evil behavior. Though the idea of the whole book is well brought out, the arranging of ideas in the book was somehow confusing as there was no structure in writing the arguments in the book and the book contained errors such as typing ones which seem to have been ignored by the editor. Another issue with the book is that the definition of evil and the causes of evil are not clearly defined because even with the use of illustrations by the author from past crimes, evil is not clearly defined. Furthermore, it raises the question if stating that mental illness is a factor to evil behavior is correct. In conclusion, the book carries with it a great explanation to something that people dont usually ask or get involved in but it has not sufficiently dealt with the issues as suggested by the title as the author is seen to mainly give brief stories on evil crimes perpetrated by individuals making the book look like a compilation of stories. Buy custom Anatomy of Evil essay